布朗案在执行中受到的抵制－以弗吉尼亚州为例

Resistance to the Implementation of Brown in Virginia: A Perspective of Policy Instruments

布朗诉教育委员会是美国教育法中里程碑式的案件。本文以弗吉尼亚州为例，分析了布朗案实施过程中抵制力量所使用的三个政策工具－学生派位制度、以“介入权”为标志的源于州权利的对抗、“选择的自由”。资料来自弗吉尼亚州议会和政府的史料、布朗及布朗案后一系列的法院判决、美国地方和国家媒体的报道以及相关的美国历史研究。分析表明，政策的执行并不是一个自上而下的简单过程，而是具有“纵横交错”的互动特点。

This article investigates the implementation of Brown v. Board of Education (1954) in Virginia, one of the four states the Brown decision immediately addressed. Drawing upon first-hand resources including legislative acts, court decisions, and official speeches as well as second-hand resources including media reports and scholarly publications, this article identifies and analyzes three major policy instruments used in the resistance to Brown: pupil placement plan, “interposition” and school closure, and “freedom of choice” and tuition grants. The article further suggests that implementation hardly works in a top-down fashion but rather involves a complicated process.