法国高等教育特色制度的演进

The Evolution of a Unique Higher Education System of France

近代以来，法国逐渐形成了独具特色的高等教育制度，并不断加以完善。主要体现在：中央集权下的大学自治制度从中央集权下的国家——学科共同治理到国家——大学——学科的动态平衡；18世纪中期以来形成的大学与大学校并行的双轨制从相互封闭到沟通合作；20世纪50年代形成的繁杂学位文凭制度，经过不断发展，20世纪90年代后期逐步融入到欧洲的LMD学制；“二战”前高等教育教学机构与研究机构相互分离，20世纪60年代以后开始相互渗透与合作。

A unique higher education system has been gradually established and improved in France since entering into the modern times. Its uniqueness lies in the following aspects: under the centralized system, the institutional autonomy has been evolving from the co-governance between the national and the disciplinary authorities to the dynamic balanced governance of the national, the institutional, and the disciplinary authorities; the dualistic system of the university and the grand school formed in the middle 18th century has been evolving from mutual isolation to mutual cooperation; the multifarious degree and diploma system formed in the 1950s has been developing gradually and blending into the LMD system of Europe since the late 1990s; the higher education teaching organizations and the research organizations formed before the WWII has been evolving from mutual separation to mutual penetration and cooperation since the 1960s.