公立学校200年：问题与变革

Public Schools in Two Hundred Years: Problems and Reforms

19世纪广泛传播于欧美国家的工业主义、国家主义以及民主政治的思潮使传统的、以家庭为基础的教育遭遇了严重挑战。国家举办的公立学校大量出现，学校的重心由民间转向公立，公共教育制度由此得到奠定。公共教育制度是在两个科层结构的基础上建立起来的，即政府行政层级和个人能力层级，因此这一制度具有典型的科层特征。通过国家的力量普及教育，建立独立的学校系统并纳入国家的公共管理之中，这在教育现代化的进程中具有重要意义。然而公共教育制度在其200年的发展中，有关国家与教育的关系问题却进一步复杂化了。20世纪80年代以来在许多国家兴起的声势浩大的公共教育重建运动，涉及政府与教育关系、学校与市场关系、学校自主等一系列问题，这些问题仍可看成是200年来国家与教育关系问题的延续。

The traditional family-based education was confronting serious challenges as the thoughts of industrialism， nationalism and democratism spread Europe and America in the 19th century. As public schools came to the fore and taking the place of private schooling， public education systems were established. The public educational system is based on two bureaucratic structures: administrative hierarchy and the hierarchy of individual aptitude， and is thus typical of a bureaucracy. It is of great importance in the course of the educational modernization that the state shoulder the responsibilities of universalizing education， set up an independent school system and integrate it into public administration. However， the relationship between state and education has become more complex in the development of the public educational system during the past two hundred years. The large-scale restructuring of public schooling which has arisen in many countries since the 1980s involves a series of problems such as the relationship between the government and education， the relationship between schools and the market， school autonomy， and son on. Those problems can be seen as a continuation of the problem with the relationship between the state and education in the two hundred years.