从效率视角对我国基础教育阶段公办学校分层的审视──基于对昆明市公办高中的教育生产函数研究

An Examination of the Stratification of Public Schools in Basic Education in China from the Perspective of Efficiency: Based on the Findings of an Education Production Function Study with High-school Data from Kunming City

本文使用2006年昆明市公办高中调查数据，采用多层线性模型（HLM）对高三学生的高考成绩的影响因素进行了教育生产函数实证研究。针对两个主要问题，即非均衡化教育资源配置背景下的基础教育生产效率及学生学业表现差异背后的学校的作用，研究发现：（1）学生高考成绩的最重要决定因素是学生的认知能力和高中前的学习基础（以中考成绩为代理变量）；学校变量对学生高考成绩的影响作用相对较小；学生及其同伴的家庭社会经济背景对高考成绩没有重要影响。（2）教育生产单元对可控的教育资源的配置和使用在整体上是缺乏效率的（有体制性原因）。文章还探讨了主要研究发现的政策含义，并指出了本研究存在的问题和进一步研究的方向。

Using 2006 high-school survey data from Kunming City， this paper conducted an Education Production Function analysis employing HLM method. For the two research questions raised， i.e.: the production efficiency of schools in basic education under the unequal resource allocation and the role of schools in the variations of student’s performance， the study found that:（1）the most important determinant of student’s score in the National Exam for College Entrance is the cognitive ability and the knowledge base of the student before high school（using the score in High-School Entrance Exam as proxy）; school variables contributed in a lesser degree to the variations of the scores in the National Exam for College Entrance; neither the social economic status of the student nor the SES of peers played significant roles.（2）The study held that overall speaking education production units were not efficient in resource allocation and utilization（partly attributable to institutional arrangements）. The paper also discussed the policy implications of the findings， analyzed the problems of this study， and pointed to some directions for further inquiries.