经济相关事务对美国大学教师及组织的影响

The Impact of Economic Relevance on University Faculty and Organization in the United States

经济相关事务指这样一种理念，即大学不仅仅要产出发明，还要保证这些发明能够成为创新成果并通过专利和许可转化到商业经济之中，创建和培养新的公司，展开为工业界服务或与其合作的研究，并发展出对技术进步有所贡献的领域。本文讨论了导致教师角色和大学组织变化的因素，受经济相关事务影响而建立的项目带来了教师群体研究的深化和学科交叉性的增强，特别的手段还包括在经济相关领域聘请新增教师的专项基金、研究所和研究中心的增加以及推进学科交叉性的计划。新型的研究所出现，与工业界展开合作，整个大学校圆也都致力于此，负责技术转化的机构极大地扩展了。

Economic relevance refers to the belief that universities must not only generate inventions， but also ensure that inventions will be developed into innovations and transferred to the commercial economy through patenting and licensing， launching and nurturing new firms， conducting research for and with industry， and cultivating fields that contribute to technological advance， and this paper examines the resulting effects on faculty roles and university organization. Programs inspired by economic relevance have produced an intensification of faculty research， and interdisciplinarity specific measures include earmarked funds for hiring additional faculty in economically relevant fields， the proliferation of centers and institutes， and schemes to promote interdisciplinarity. New models of research institutes have been created to partner with industry， and whole campuses have been devoted to these ends. Organizations for technology transfer have greatly expanded.