校舍安全何以保障

On Seismic Safety of School Buildings

5˙12汶川大地震中，中小学幼儿园校舍大面积垮塌导致数以千计学生死亡的悲剧引发社会各界对学校校舍安全的关注。本文首先从法律规章制度体系、财政供给体制、审批程序及质量监理三个方面分析了我国学校校舍建设尤其是地震安全保障的体制性缺陷；然后介绍了美国加州《非尔德法案》及相关法案体系对保证学校校舍地震安全的成功经验，尤其是强调了州建筑师处和州拨款委员会的重要作用；最后提出构建我国学校校舍建设地震安全保障体系的体制性建议──颁布一部专门的《学校地震安全法》，授权一个专业的省一级机构专司校舍建设质量以及组建一个持久的校舍建设财政保障机构。

The tragedy of thousands of students killed by the collapsed schools during China’s Wenchuan earthquake on May 12， 2008 has become one of public concerns on seismic safety of school building. This paper first explores the institutional flaws that fail to guarantee school building safety by analyzing the laws and regulations， financing mechanism and approval procedure and inspection of school construction. Then if presents Field Act， a law on school building seismic safety in California and some other Acts concerning seismic safety of school buildings and facilities and explains why the Acts have been proven effective to guarantee seismic safety of school buildings; particularly， the roles played by the Division of State Architect (DSA) and the State Allocation Board (SAB) are highlighted here. Finally， it concludes with policy suggestions that include enacting a law on School Earthquake Safety and authorizing a professional agency at provincial level to exercise the supervising function on school building quality and establishing a funding allocation board as well.