战后日本促进高校分布均衡化政策回顾

A Review of Regional Distribution Policies of Higher Education in Japan

日本一直遭受高校分布不均衡的困扰，特别是高校集中于东京等大城市的现象非常突出。第二次世界大战以后，美国主导的[一府县一大学]政策促进了国立大学的地方化，在一定程度上缓解了高校分布不均衡的局面。此外，日本的国土政策也通过限制新校选址等手段促进高校向地方分散，但因高等教育大众化的快速到来而收效不大。20世纪70年代开始的高等教育计划加大了控制高教规模和限制高校立地的力度，产生了一定的积极效果。但到20世纪90年代前后，随着经济衰退和18岁人口减少，促进高校向地方分散的政策开始动摇。不能否认60余年来日本促进高校分布均衡化的努力和成效，但高校分布不均衡的格局在根本上仍然未得到改观。

Japan always faces the unbalance of regional distribution of higher education. After the Second World War， driven by the United States， Japan established [One Prefecture， One (National) University] policy for equal opportunity of higher education. However， because of the great growth of the needs of higher education， Japanese government couldn't control the location of new private universities. In the late 1970s， the government formulated new plan for higher education to promote decentralization again. But this policy has changed in the 1990s because of economic recession and population decline. The balanced regional distribution policy has not achieved much in a real sense over the 60 years.