美国高等教育的问责系统及其因素构成分析

Factors Analysis of American Higher Education Accountability System

大学的不同外部利益相关者构成了市民社会、政府和市场三种问责力量，他们倾向于使用不同的问责方式。认证、评价、声誉排行、学术审查大多反映的是学术权威；州报告卡、绩效报告、绩效预算和拨款、标准化测验强调的是州政府权力；学生和校友满意度调查反映的是院校当时和过去顾客的意见，代表市场力量。各种问责计划的重点、驱动器、评价和结果有所不同，它们在动态变化中趋向于平衡。

The different stakeholders are composed of three accountability forces: citizen society， government and market. They are inclined to use different accountability tools. Accreditation， assessment， reputation ranking and academic audit mainly reflect the academic authority. Report card， performance reporting， performance budget， performance funding and standardization test emphasize the power of state government. Student and Alumni satisfaction survey， which belong to market force， reflect the opinion of current and past client of the institutions. These accountability systems have different focus， drivers， appraisals and consequences.