美國學術職業流動的類型與特徵

Types and Characters of the Academic Professional Mobility in America

美国是个高等教育高度市场、分权化和多样化的国家，在竞争机制的作用下，美国学术职业流动的类型与特征多种多样。从历史上看，美国学术职业历经了高流动性到相对稳定的流动，再到高流动性的过程。从学术职业流动类型看，大体可以分为横向流动和纵向流动大类；从学术职业流动的特征看，制度化与规范化，开放性和合约管理、流动管理的自治性、稳定与流动相结合是其基本特征。

American is a country with-highly-developed marketability and decentralization in its higher education. Under the effect of this competitive atmosphere， the academic profession has experienced with several different types and characters. Viewing historically， American Academic profession has experienced the mobility from a fast one to a steady one， and then changing to be fast again. The forms of academic professional mobility can be generally divided into two types: horizontal one and vertical one. The characters of American professional mobility include its system and standardization， publicity and canonical management， the autonomy during its process， and the combination of its stability and mobility.