德國高校教師制度理念探析

On Ideas of Faculty Systems in Germany

以大学授课资格制、编外讲师制及讲座教授制为核心的德国高校教师制度随着时代的变迁发生了一定程度的变革。这一制度形成的筛选体系与流动机制经济理性的体现，而学术自由的理念则是这一度建立与变迁的依据，两种理念很好地融合在整个制度中。学术自由理念的制度化是在新人文主义思想的与起、新型大学理念的繁荣、19世纪以前德国大学的改革，以及民族危机出现与民精神兴起的背景下形成的。而19世纪初德国落后的经济状况、20世纪德国高等教育大众进程的加快则是经济理性的理念得以彰显与强化的主要因素。

The faculty system in Germany based on habilitation， private lecturer and chair system has undergone some changes along the vicissitude of this country. The regulation of sifter and flow imbedded in the faculty systems embody the idea of economic ration and the idea of academic freedom， the foundation of the establishment and the reform of the system. The idea of academic freedom was formed with the rise of the new humanism， the prosperity of the new university ideology， the reform of the university of the university before the 19th century， the appearance of the race crisis and the rise of the race spirit. The bad economic situation at the beginning of the 19th century and the development of massive higher education were main factors for the emergence and reinforcement of the ideal of economic ration.