美国双语教育的历史演变与政策反思

Grassroots Perspective and Policy Retrospection on American Bilingual Education

美国双语教育近年来引起了我国学者的关注，但是少有学者对此掌握第一手的资料，因而缺乏系统的观点。本文根据笔者对美国双语教育项目的亲身参与，系统阐述了美国双语教育的历史与现状，并对双语政策的演变进行了反思。笔者认为虽然移民潮、国际环境变化、国内政局交替等因素直接推动了双语教育政策的演变，但是这些外在条件只是起到了催化剂的作用，双语教育争辩的真正根源在于不同的语言取向和语言意识形态。

In recent years， scholars in China pay increasing attention to American bilingual education. However， few of them have first-hand experience with it and their research relies more on western scholars' work on this topic， hence lacking systematic understanding as well as grassroots perspective. Having personally participated in some bilingual education programs in the US， the author describes the historical development and the current status of American Bilingual Education in a systematic way and views it in a grassroots perspective. Apparently the sociopolitical factors， such as the influx of immigrants， the ever-changing conditions of international environment and alternation of domestic political leaders， greatly influenced language policy in the US. However， the author argues that these external elements hide the underlying multiple language orientations and language ideologies， which are the real grassroots reasons for contention in American bilingual education.