美国「学术专项拨款」的发展与大学内部说客的兴起

Study on the Increase of U.S. Academic Earmarks and the Springing Up of University In-house Lobbyist

近十几年来，美国国会的学术专项拨款总额有了极大的发展，大学为了获得更多的学术专项拨款，纷纷加强了对国会议员的游说，其中一个重要手段就是设置内部说客。本文分析了学术专项拨款变化的趋势及大学内部说客的情况，并评述了学术专项拨款的利弊及其中潜藏的政治规则。

The academic earmarks of the U.S. Congress have been increasing in recent years. Universities increasingly lobby the legislators in order to pursue for more academic earmarks. One of the main strategies of universities is to hire in-house lobbyist. This paper focuses on the changes of academic earmarks and in-house lobbyist of universities， reviewing the positive and negative of academic earmarks， and analyzing the political rules behind academic earmarks.