多水平项目反应理论模型在测验发展中的应用

The Use of Multilevel Item Response Theory Modeling in Test Development

作者简要介绍了多水平项目反应模型，对多水平项目反应理论与通常项目反应理论之间的关系进行了探讨，得到了多水平项目反应模型参数与通常项目反应模型参数之间的关系，并讨论了多水平项目反应模型的推广模型。通过一个实际例子，用多水平项目反应模型对测验中项目的特征进行分析；检验个体水平和组水平预测变量对能力参数的影响；对项目功能差异进行分析。最后文章就多水平项目反应理论模型的优势与不足进行了讨论。

Both item response theory (IRT) and a multilevel model are used in a variety of social science research applications. The use of IRT allows researchers to link the observed categorical responses provided by students with an underlying unobservable trait， such as ability or attitude. A multilevel model allows the natural multilevel structure that is widely present in social science data to be represented formally in data analysis. In some cases， researchers may wish to study the effects of the co