污名现象及其心理效应

Stigma Phenomenon and Its Psychological Effects

污名本质上是一种消极的刻版印象，是社会对某些个体或群体贬低性的、侮辱性的标签，对被污名者有着深刻的影响。文章从三个方面对污名的相关研究做了简要的回顾。首先介绍了几种污名的相关定义；然后介绍了污名的心理效应，包括污名他人的功能，污名对群体和个体的影响，以及社会公众对污名的态度和应对过程；第三介绍了两个污名研究的主要领域：一个是污名群体知觉、应对歧视规律的污名歧视研究，另一个是可隐匿污名的相关研究，如隐匿污名的心理过程，隐匿的情绪反应以及揭示污名的心理意义等。最后，提出了未来研究的几点展望，可隐匿污名的相关研究，内隐社会认知研究和消除污名消极影响的干预研究。

Stigma in essence is a negative stereotype. It is a devalued and insulted label which is imposed on some individuals or groups by the public. Stigma has profound effects on its targets. This article reviews the stigma─related literatures in three aspects. First， some important definitions of the stigma are introduced. Then the psychological effects of stigma are interpreted， including the function of stigmatizing others， the influences of stigma on the stigmatized individuals and the public attitudes and reactions to stigmas. Third， researches in two main areas of stigma are reviewed：1. studies on discrimination of stigmas， and 2. studies of concealable stigma， e.g. psychological process and emotions of concealing stigma， implications of disclosing stigma etc. Finally， prospects of stigma studies in the future are recommended：studies of concealable stigmas， implicit social cognition and intervention to eliminate the negative influences of stigma.