从对框架效应的分析看风险决策的神经基础

A New Look at Framing Effects：The Neural Basis of Decision-making under Risk

对风险决策的研究近年来一直是微观经济学和心理学的热门，但是从传统的决策理论到主张有限理性的预期理论大多是对决策行为的研究，决策的心理机制一直是无法解释的黑箱子。令人兴奋的是近几年来神经科学家及其他领域的学者开始用先进的神经心理学的方法来研究风险决策，试图理解神经过程调节风险决策行为的方式。文章从分析违背“不变性”原则的框架效应入手，从正反框架、确定选择和风险选择、风险规避和风险寻求、高估小概率事件几个方面，全面分析风险决策可能的神经基础。在总结已有研究的基础上提出了把风险决策研究扩展到不确定决策，把风险决策中的一次决策研究扩展到多次决策的研究思路。

The study of decision-making under risk has been a major thrust of microeconomics and psychology in the last few decades. Both classical decision-making theory and prospect theory focus on the study of decision-making behavior， while the psychological mechanism under the decision-making has been in the dark. The latest and possibly most exciting frontier in this research area is the effort to understand the way in which neural processes mediate risk-taking behavior. Neuroscientists and their collaborators begin to apply modern neurophysiology methods to risk decision-making. The mechanisms and neural basis of framing effects that violate the invariance principle are presented and discussed from the following aspects：positive & negative framing， sure choice & risk option， risk aversion & risk seeking， and over-weighting low probabilities. Concluding remarks assess the future prospects of the cognitive neuroscience of decision-making under risk， such as decision-making under uncertainty and multiple play.