为在线学习提供有效的反馈

Providing Effective Feedback for Online Learning

在教与学的过程中，学生与教师都会提出反馈，也会收到反馈。课程应该提供不会让人感到威胁的环境，学生在其中能够向教师和其它学生充分地表达自己。学生需要得到针对他们工作和表现的、持续的、及时的反馈。提供有效的反馈有助于保证学生的需求得以满足，有助于保证他们能够开展高质量的学习。（Cohen，2003；Thurmond和Wambach，2004）本文主要讨论的是对学生提供的反馈，而反馈本身也是对学习者的工作和活动的响应，帮助学习者更好地理解他所取得的进步，或帮助学习者改善他的学习或表现。反馈可以在教师和学生之间、学生与学生之间，也可以是学生对自身的长处或改进学习活动的某一方面进行的反思和评价。要使反馈真正有效，对学生提供的反馈应着重于缩小学生当前的表现与期望目标之间的差距。文中所提出的案例均来自于本人在线教学经历过的或访谈在线教师过程中了解到的。

In the context of teaching and learning， both students and teachers give and receive feedback. A course should provide a non threatening environment where students can express themselves to the instructor and other students. Students need continuing and timely feedback about their work and their performance. Using effective feedback helps ensure that students’ needs are being met and that they engage in high quality learning (Cohen 2003;Thurmond & Wambach， 2004 ).This paper is mainly concerned with providing feedback to students， and as such， feedback is a response to a learner’s work or activity that helps the learner understand more clearly his or her progress， or serves to help the learner improve his or her learning or performance. This can be communication between the instructor and student， among students， or the self─reflection and self─evaluation of the student in terms his or her strengths and aspects for improvement regarding learning activities. To be effective， feedback provided to students should focus on closing the gap between the student’s present thinking or performance and the desired goal. Examples used throughout the paper came from my experience in teaching online and interviews I have done with dozens of online instructors.