美国联邦政府建设一流的政策分析

An Analysis of the US Federal policies for First─Class University Development

二战以来美国陆续涌现出一批世界一流大学，这并非完全是大学自然发展的结果，还有美国政府，特别是联邦政府，出于美国国家利益而采取的政策扶植与介入。美国建设一流大学的时间段主要集中于1941─1971的30年间，以1960年的《西博格报告》为标志，可划分为前后两个阶段，在两个阶段中，联邦政府均发挥重要作用。联邦政府首先通过科技政策间接地扶持了一流大学的出现，继而采取专项资助的方法帮助一批大学实现跨越式发展。美国政府长期稳定的高等教育发展战略，不同阶段具体政策的运作方式及其经验教训值得我们思考和借鉴。

This study examines the key role of US federal government in supporting the rise of America world─class universities since the World War II. There were two main periods of development during the three decades of 1941─1971：in the first period， the federal science and technology policies indirectly supported a few universities improve research capacity， then since 1960 the federal and hoc funding policies had supported a large number of universities to development centers of excellence. The development of the US higher education is benefited from stable and long─term policies sustained by new operational strategies at different stages of development.