男女性教育年數、預期壽命、勞動參與率和國民所得的差異與二次曲線關聯探索

Exploration on the Gender Difference in Years of Education, Life Expectancy, Labor Force Participation Rate and National Income and Their Quadratic Curve

男女社會地位差異由來已久，然而在男女性教育年數、預期壽命、勞動參與率和國民所得的差異知之甚少，同時在教育與經濟發展關係的研究多以線性觀點來分析。本研究從聯合國開發署（United Nations Development Programme）及臺灣，共取得2020年174個國家資料，分析男女性在教育年數、預期壽命、勞動參與率和國民所得之差異與關聯性，並對國家發展分類，研究顯示：一、174個國家的男性預期壽命明顯低於女性5.30歲、男性教育年數明顯高於女性0.54年、男性勞動參與率明顯高於女性19.73個百分點、男性國民所得明顯高於女性9,783.33美元。二、男女性教育年數與男女性國民所得之間呈現U型關係，男女性教育年數分別在4.25年及4.32年的國民所得最低，男女性在上述教育年數之後才有較高的國民所得。三、男女性預期壽命與男女性國民所得呈現U型關係。男女性預期壽命分別在55.64歲及64.28歲的國民所得最低，在該預期壽命之後的國民所得逐年增加。四、174個國家分為發展優異、發展異常、發展不良、發展正常，各類國家各有66、16、75、17個，都有其發展問題及應提出的因應策略。五、臺灣列為發展不良的國家，2020年男性國民所得少世界發展水準有44,504.7美元，女性國民所得低於世界發展水準932.10美元。本研究特色在於分析174個國家兩性在教育年數、預期壽命、勞動參與率與國民所得有明顯差異，教育年數、預期壽命與國民所得之間為U型關係，並區分四類型國家，各國應針對發展類型提出因應策略，而臺灣應提高男女性國民所得，尤其提出改善男性國民所得的策略。

Differences in social status between men and women have existed for a long time. However, little is known about the differences in years of education, life expectancy, labor force participation rate, and national income between men and women. At the same time, education and eco¬nomic development are mostly analyzed from a linear perspective. This study obtained data from 174 countries in 2020 from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and Taiwan, and analyzed the differenc¬es and correlations between the years of education, life expectancy, labor force participation rate, and national income of men and women in these countries. The development classification of 174 countries showed that: 1. The life expectancy of men in 174 countries was significantly lower than that of women by 5.30 years, the number of years of education for men was significantly higher than that of women by 0.54 years, the labor force participation rate of men was significantly higher than that of women by 19.73 percentage points, male national income was significantly higher than $9,783.33 for women. 2. There was a U-shaped relationship between the years of education of men and women and the national income of men and women respectively. The national income of men and women was the lowest when the years of education are 4.25 years and 4.32 years respectively, and the national income is higher after the above-mentioned years of education. 3. The life expectancy of men and women had also a U-shaped relationship with the national income of men and women respectively. The national income was lowest when the life expectancy of men and women was 55.64 years and 64.28 years respectively, and the national income after this life expectancy increased year by year. 4. The 174 countries are divided into countries with excellent development, countries with abnormal development, countries with poor development, and countries with normal development. There were 66, 16, 75, and 17 countries respectively. They all had their own development problems and strategies. 5. Taiwan is listed as a poorly developed country. In 2020, the national income of men was 44,504.7 US dollars below the world develop¬ment level, and the national income of women is 932.10 US dollars lower than the world-development level. The feature of this study was to ana¬lyze the significant differences between the gender in years of education, life expectancy, labor force participation rate and national income in 174 countries. Coping strategies should be proposed according to the type of development, and Taiwan should increase the national income of men and women respectively, especially the strategy to improve the national income of men.