系統理論和系統方法的概念分析及其在教育行政上的應用

本文的主要目的在於分析系統理論和系統方法的重要概念，並探討將之應用於教育行政上的可能性。 由於系統理論是一種較為抽象的組織研究學說，因此本文採用文獻分析法，從中外有關學術論著中剖析下列四方面的概念：（1）系統的意義和分類，（2）開放系統的特徵，（3）系統方法的特性，（4）在教育行政上的應用。茲將此四方面的研究結論摘述如下： 1.所謂系統乃是由一群為達成共同目標而互動互賴的元素所構成的有機整體。系統依其與外界之交換關係而分成封閉和開放兩種系統，而人類社會的各種組織都屬於開放系統。 2.開放系統的主要特徵可歸納為下列七項：（1）具有投入——轉化——產出的歷程，（2）具有可滲透的界限，（3）具有階層性的結構型態，（4）具有適應和分化的功能，（5）具有動態平衡的趨向，（6）具有控制性的回饋作用，（7）具有殊途同歸性。 3.系統理論是一種概念架構，一種有系統的思考模式。事實上，系統理論只是一種強調理性的、邏輯的和科學的組織研究方法。所謂系統方法包含五項主要特性：（1）注重整體觀念，（2）強調關係分析，（3）研究歷程運作，（4）重視產出評鑑，（5）採取權變觀點。 4.系統理論和系統方法可以應用在教育行政上的許多方面，有一些系統分析的技術，例如計畫評核術、規劃預算制度、線型規劃和成本效益分析等，已被廣泛的應用在教育計畫和決策上。此外，許多系統的概念可作為解決組織問題的分析架構，或是作為評鑑系統歷程和產出的思考模式，俾使教育組織能適應環境的需求。

The main purposes of this study were: 1) to analyze the significant concepts of systems theory and systems approach， and 2) to explore the possibilities of applying those concepts to educational administration. After widely reviewing relevant literature， the study pinpointed on four aspects: 1) the definitions and categories of a system， 2) the characteristics of open systems， 3) the features of systems approach， 4) the applications of system concepts. The summary of these four aspects are as follows: 1. A system is an organic whole constructed by a set of elements which are interacted and interdependent for the common goals. Systems can be classified into two categories in terms of its relationship with environment: closed system and open system. All human social orgainiztions are belong to open systems. 2. The main characteristics of open systems are all have: a) input-transformation-output process， b) permeable boundary， c) hierarchical structure， d) adapting and differentiating function， e) dynamic-equilibrium tendency， f) controlled feedback， g) equifinality. 3. Systems theory is a conceptual framework， and a systematic mode of thought. Systems theory， in actual， is just an organizational approach emphasized rational， logical， scientific method. The so-called systems approach contained five main features: a) integrated wholeness， b) relationship analysis， c) process operation， d) output evaluation， e) contingent viewpoints. Systems theory and systems approach can be applied to educational administration in many ways. Some system analysis technologies， such as PERT， PPBS， LP， Cost-Benefit Analysis， etc. are widely used in educational planning and decision-making. Besides， many systems concepts can be used as an analysis framework for solving the problems of educational organizations. They can， also， be used as a mode of thought for evaluating systems process and outputs to adapt the educational organizations to environmental demands.