內隱的權力與特權偏見：澳門小學常識教科書的內容分析

Invisible Biases of Power and Privilege: a content analysis of General Studies textbooks in primary schools in Macao

本研究旨在分析澳門中文學校小學常識教科書中的人物圖片所可能隱含的權力、特權的訊息，以及因性別、種族及障礙情況而產生的偏見。文中分析的常識教科書是2009年由香港教育出版社出版的「澳門今日常識」，提供給澳門的中文小學採用，每個年級有上、下兩冊，共12冊。本研究發現，所分析的教科書中的人物圖片呈現以男性、華人及健全人為中心的偏見。在性別角色方面，男性被視為是強壯、有權力及成功的意象；而女性則較以家庭為主，負責採買及準備三餐，並且較常扮演關心者的角色，但同時也是需要被保護的。教科書的內容影響學生的認知、思考及對世界的看法，為避免兒童把教科書中含有偏見的關係結構視為理所當然，必須重視人物圖片呈現的均衡代表性。

This study aims to uncover the hidden messages of power and privilege conveyed in the pictures of textbooks, with a particular focus on whether gender, race and disability biases are still present in the 12 General Studies textbooks which were published in 2009 by Educational Publishing House in Hong Kong and have been widely used from grades 1 to 6 by many primary schools in Macao. The results suggest that negative bias towards diverse groups still exists in the General Studies textbooks of Macao primary schools, including male-dominant, Chinese-centered and able-bodied-centered stereotypes. In addition, sex stereotypes exist with the image that males should be strong, powerful and successful, but females should focus on family, cooking and shopping and being attentive and protective. Since textbooks influence what students know, think, and their way of seeing and making sense of the world, it is vital to modify the current General Studies textbooks carefully to avoid young learners taking the unequal structure of relationships for granted.