家長參與學校教育的社會學分析：英、美與臺灣的教育改革策略之比較

A Sociological Analysis of Parent Participation in Schooling: A Comparison of the Educational Reform Strategies in UK, US, and Taiwan

台灣近年來的教育改革逐漸重視學生家長對學校教育的參與，從1980年代民間教育團體的改革倡議，至1990年代教育鬆綁權力下放的政策發展，家長的選擇權與參與權都成為重要的議題，本文主張家長參與學校教育並非中立事件，而是具有某種社會意涵的，透過相關問題的分析以檢視家長參與的意識型態，這些問題包括：誰是家長？何謂參與？為何參與？參與哪些事務？如何參與？參與的結果如何？哪些家長在參與？全文結構如下，首先以家長參與在英、美的發展為例，指出不同的時空背景賦予家長不同的角色，形成特定的參與任務、方式、層面與結果，其次以英、美1980年代以來的主要教育改革策略為例，從家長參與學校決策的複雜性、教育市場的缺失及家庭結構的變遷三方面，分析家長與學校教育的可能與限制；接著以台1990年代以來的教育改革發展為例，根據既有的相關文獻與調查研究，從家長選擇、家長參與、家庭結構三方面，探討家長參與學校教育的政策與實際。家長參與學校教育在英、美的經驗與研究值得借鏡，本文最後針對教育政策的制訂、教育研究的發展與教育實務的推動三方面提出建議。

Having parents participate in schooling has gradually received serious attention among the educational reform issues in Taiwan in the recent years. The right of parents to choose schools for their children and to participate in schools has been a very important agenda， since the reform advocacy proposed by educational groups in the 1980s and the policy development toward educational deregulation and decentralization in the 1990s. This paper argues that parent participation in schools is not neutral but has some social implication. To examine carefully the ideology of parent participation， several questions need to be addressed. Who are the parents？What dose it mean by participation？Why participate？Which affairs do parents participate in ？How do they participate？What is the result of participation？Which parents actually participate？Four parts constitute this paper. First of all， parent participation developed in the USA and UK serves as examples to point out the fact that parents are assigned with different roles to participate in a particular way that varies with the social context. Next， the focus is to analyze the possibilities and limits of parent participation in terms of the complexity of parent participation in decision making， the deficiency of educational market， and the change of family structure， taking the reform strategy employed in the USA and UK since the 1980s as an instance. Then， looking at the development of educational reform taken place in Taiwan since the 1990s， this paper discusses policies and practices regarding parent participation in schooling in terms of parental choice， parental participation and family structure. Based on the experience with and research about parent participation in schooling in the USA and UK， this paper concludes with suggestions for the formulation of educational policies， the development of educational research and the implementation of educational practices.