男性與女性的該與不該、可有與可無

The Should Be, Shouldn’t Be, are Allowed to Be, and Don’t Have to Be of Chinese Women and Men: The Contents of Gender Stereotypes

本研究請479位大學生評定105項性別特質被期望由「女性」、「男性」或「一般人」擁有的程度，以及這些性別特質屬於「典型男性」或「典型女性」特質的程度。\r根據結果，本研究界定出國人對男性及女性的強化規範（男性或女性應該具有的特質）、寬鬆規範（最好有，但沒有也無妨的特質）、強化禁規（不應該具有的特質）與寬鬆禁規（最好沒有，但有也無妨的特質），並且發現男性與女性的四種類別之間有互補的趨勢。另外，有一些特質形容詞雖然在「期望」男性或女性擁有的程度上無顯著差異，但在屬於「典型」女性或男性特質的程度上卻有顯著差異。本研究結果的意義、應用意涵及其與Prentice與Carranza針對美國受試研究所得結果之比較，均在本文中詳細討論

479 undergraduates are asked to indicate how desirable it is in Taiwanese society for a man， a woman， and a person to possess each of the 105 characteristics. They are also requested to indicate how much each of those characteristics they think is typical of adult Taiwanese males and females.Based on the results， the present researchers construct chinese male’s and female’s gender intensified prescriptions (should be); gender-intensified proscriptions (shouldn’t be); gender-relaxed prescriptions (don’t have to be) and gender-relaxed proscriptions (are allowed to be).The result also shows that most of the characteristics that are intensified prescriptions for women are relaxed prescriptions for men， and most of the characteristics that are intensified proscriptions for men are relaxed proscriptions for women. It is also found that a number of traits that do not differ in their desirability for women and men differ， nonetheless， in their perceived typicality. The significance of the present research and its application to education and counseling situation， together with a through comparison of Prentice and Carranza’s result， are discussed in the present paper.