「小偷」不小，「大盜」何以稱大──兼談詞彙理據及教學啟示

Why Is Xiaotou Small and Dadao Big--Concurrent Discussion on the Pedagogical Value of Lexical Motivation

詞彙理據在華語文教學中，既可以幫助學生理解詞義，掌握詞的感情色彩和用法，又可以激發學生的學習興趣和探索欲望。「偷」、「盜」在規模、人數、暴力程度、危害力和影響等發生情形相異的語義特徵，是「偷」稱「小」、「盜」稱「大」的理據來源。我們認為，「盜」行為有其深刻的社會背景，主要是「劫掠」義，還有少許「抗爭」義。「小偷」、「大盜」的組合不僅是語義上的契合，更是社會現實的反映。在語義類別上，「大小」可以隱喻規模、程度、時間、資歷與社會地位、心理情感等。「大小」與名詞組合，構成短語或凝聚成詞。本文結合2021年《國際中文教育中文水準等級標準》中含「大」、「小」的一百多個詞進行理據分析。這啟示我們在華語文教學時，要有針對性地進行詞彙理據分析、按理據進行詞群歸類教學和文化背景介紹，幫助學生「知其然並知其所以然」。

Lexical motivation in CLS(Chinese as a Second Language)teaching can not only help students understand the meaning of words, master the nuance and usage of words, but also stimulate students' interests in learning and their desire for further exploration. The semantic characteristics of touanddaoin different situations, such as scale, number of actors, level of violence, harmfulness and influence, are the reasons why touis considered 'small' and dao is considered 'big'. We believe that 'theft' has its profound social background, mainly referring to 'robbery', and has connotations of 'resistance'. The combination of xiaotouand dadaois not only a semantic combination, but also a reflection of social reality. In terms of semantic categories, da and xiaocan be metaphors of scale, time, seniority, social status, psychological emotion, etc.Da and xiaocollocate with nouns to form phrases or words. This paper analyzes the motivation of more than 100 words including 'big' and 'small' in the Chinese Prficiency Grading Standards for International Chinese Language Education. This phenomenon suggests that in teaching, we should analyze the lexical motivation of vocabulary, classify vocabulary in groups according to motivation, and introduce the cultural background, so as to help students understand the content and the theory behind it.