清末学堂中的卫生规训

Discipline in Hygiene in Schools at Late Imperial China

二十世纪初的中国新式学堂，力图通过多种形式的教育变革来塑造一种全新的国民形象，而新学堂规则的产生直接指向学生的行为改造。本文试图以清末新式学堂的卫生规则为文本，考察其中关于学生个体清洁、学校公共环境、疾病预防与控制、禁吸烟草等方面的规范，进而探讨教育变革、文化变革和政治改造之间的关系，并诠释新学堂的卫生规则如何在晚清的政治与文化现实中产生，以及强国的迫切需要如何透过学校卫生规则而试图形塑全新的国民形象。

Modern schools were trying to cultivate a new type of citizen by various kinds of education reform at late imperial China， one of which is to discipline students' behavior through rules and regulations. Based on the school documents of rules and regulations of hygiene at late imperial China， this article tries to discuss the relationship among education reform， culture transformation and politic change by exploring the rules regarding personal cleanness， public hygiene， disease prevention and tobacco prohibition. This paper further analyzes why rules and regulations of hygiene came about in the political and cultural reality at late imperial China and how those rules used by the ideology of strengthening country to cultivate a new type of citizen.