以色列賞鳥生態休閒的發展

The Development of Ecological Recreation of Bird Watching in Israel

根據猶太經典，土地是屬於上帝的，人們只是上帝的託管者，這種關係就是所謂的管理職責（stewardship）。由此發展出來的信仰與文化，似乎意味應該會對自然界更為敬重。但在1948年以色列建國之後，大量的人口移入、快速的建設發展，對當地的生態卻造成了相當的破壞，不僅影響了當地的生態環境，也影響了當地與鄰近國家居民的生活。經過數十年的環境保護運動以及政策的修正，藉由管理職責信念的復興，以色列才走出一條頗具以色列風格的生態旅遊產業，而賞鳥生態旅遊就是其中重要的成功案例。本文藉由以色列在生態保育方面的政策，深入觀察以色列在經濟發展與環保之間的衝突與轉型，探討該國如何由賞鳥來建構一個世界級的生態旅遊，甚至在動蕩的中東地區進行跨國境合作，進而影響相關環保產業的創發。

According to Jewish scriptures, land belongs to God, and people are just God's trustees. This relationship is called stewardship in which is an ethic that embodies the responsible management of nature resources. However, after the founding of Israel in 1948, a large number of people moved in and rapid development caused considerable damage to the ecology in domestic areas and countries around. After decades of environmental protection movements and policy revisions and the revival of stewardship, it has come out with an Israel-style ecotourism industry. This article focuses on Israel's policies on ecological conservation and observes deeply the conflict and transformation between Israel’s economic development and environmental protection. This article also explores how the country to build up a world-class bird watching ecotourism, and to conduct cross-border cooperation in the turbulent Middle East, thereby affecting the creation of environment-related industries.