差異政治視角下的學校組織正義

Justice in School Organization from the Perspective of the Politics of Difference

有別於弱勢補償的分配式典範正義觀，I. M. Young認為應將不正義定義為支配與壓迫，而非僅是資源的分配不均，進而聚焦於檢視社會群體所處的結構性制度是否存在著支配與壓迫的情境，並加以去除，才能真正體現社會群體的正義。學校組織為達教育目的而由不同群體組成，例如教師、家長及學生等，在制度的運作下，彼此間的互動是否亦存在著結構性的支配或壓迫？本文指出在Young差異政治視角下，學校組織存在著下列三種與正義的有關的議題，包括社會大眾對教師的檢視，往往選擇性地擺盪在道德承擔與法定職責之間、特教生鑑定與安置在學校與家長之間的權責應如何配置，以及代理教師聘期等問題。最後，本文亦指出正義的實踐涉及社會整體資源是否充足，唯有具備充足的社會資源，才有能力實施補償性的分配正義；正義的實踐更需要有美德，才能在有利於自身的不正義社會制度需被大幅調整時，仍願意挺身支持。

Instead of defining injustice as merely the unequal distribution of resources, I. Young believes that injustice should be defined as domination and oppression. This point of view is different from the distributive paradigm which claims vulnerable groups could be given more compensation. Furthermore, the examination should focus on whether social groups are in a dominant and oppressed structural system or not and remove social problems in order to truly reflect justice. School, for the purpose to achieve educational goals, is a community of social groups such as teachers, parents, and students. However, is there any structural domination or oppression among each other in the school organization? This article points out that in Iris Marion Young’s political philosophy, the Politics of Difference, there are three social justice issues in the school’s operation. First, as for the viewpoint of the role of teachers, people shuffle and tergiversate. They change their attitudes and opinions from teachers’ moral responsibilities to teachers’ duties. The second issue is about the evaluation of students with special educational needs. Whether it is necessary to get parents’ agreement to identify and to locate students with special needs is debatable. The third issue is about the short term or limited term employment of substitute teachers. Finally, the article also points out that the practice of justice depends on the sufficient social resources. Sufficient social resources are what it’s all about for distributive justice. What is more important is the virtue to stand up for justice, even when you are benefited from this social system which is obviously required to be adjusted.