蒙特梭利論幼兒的人格發展

Montessori on the Development of Children’s Personality

本文旨在分析蒙特梭利如何論述幼兒人格的發展，主要結果可分為七點：一、人格是精神生命肉身化的結果，0∼3歲是人格發展最重要的時期；二、人格發展的根源是生命力，這出自於神的力量，引導幼兒走向目標，分化形成各種活動能力；三、人格發展的關鍵是意志，意志發展的結果是樂於服從，進而有益於人格統整；四、人格發展的歷程是適應環境，建立自己的行為模式，同時塑造自己的人格；五、人格發展的特徵是敏感期，幼兒會展現驚人的學習能力，反覆練習符合該期特徵的動作；六、人格發展的需求是秩序，幼兒既想要發現秩序，也喜愛表現秩序；七、人格發展的類型有兩種，包括積極的常態性格和消極的偏態性格。最後，本文針對幼兒人格論述的神學觀點、幼兒自發性學習本能、敏感期與關鍵期異同進行討論，以為結語。

This study aims to analyze how Monte Montessori discusses the development of young children’s personality. The main results can be divided into seven points. First, personality is the result of physical incarnation of spiritual life, and zero to three years old is the most important period of personality development. Second, the root of personality development is horme, which derived from the power of God, and it guides young children towards their goals and differentiates into energy to engage in various activities. Third, the key to the development of personality is will, and the result of the development of will is willing to obey, which is beneficial to the integration of personality. Fourth, the course of personality development is adapting to the environment, establishing personal behavior patterns, and at the same time shaping personality. Fifth, the characteristic of personality development is the sensitive period, which is when children demonstrate amazing learning ability and repeatedly practice movements that match the characteristics of the sensitive period. Sixth, the need for personality development is order, and children want to discover order and love to show order. Seventh, there are two types of personality development, including positive normal personality and negative skewed personality. Finally, this article discusses the theological perspectives of children’s personality discourse, children’s spontaneous learning instincts, and the similarities and differences between sensitive and critical periods.