親密關係暴力之理論探討   免費試閱

The Review of Theories for the Intimate Partner Violence

親密關係暴力不僅是一個人與人之間的複雜問題，也是一種凸顯傳統性別不平等觀念的社會文化問題。我國投注相當多的資源在親密關係暴力防治工作上，目的是要停止暴力發生，維護被害人安全。親密關係暴力無法以單一因素來解釋，有從被害人與加害人的人格特質與心理動力分析出發，也有強調社會學習與人際互動關係的觀點，更不乏有強調社會文化和性別權力的詮釋取向。本研究彙整國內外親密關係暴力之相關成因理論，分為個人內在觀點（精神病理學及物質濫用理論），亦即暴力源自於施暴者的個人特質，其有心理、情緒或精神上的疾病，以及酒精或藥物的濫用等；社會心理觀點（包含社會學習理論、暴力循環理論、生態系統理論、挫折攻擊理論、社會交換理論、象徵互動理論、社會情境╱壓力與因應理論），著重在個人層面來解釋親密關係伴侶間的的暴力成因；社會文化觀點（包括父權理論、女性主義、資源理論、衝突理論、暴力文化理論、一般（家庭）系統理論、家庭結構因素理論），有別於個人與家庭角度，受到親密伴侶的虐待的問題核心，常常是施虐者權力慾望操控的延伸，而此與受到中國傳統文化父權思想（男尊女卑）的影響息息相關；整合理論觀點，認為親密關係暴力成因與發展非單一因素所造成，有其連鎖效應。親密關係暴力實是一個被社會、文化、心理，以及人際間互動變項所影響的複雜現象，探討親密關係暴力重複被害的高危險案件特性時，應注意外在環境及親密關係兩者之間的暴力成因，方能求得預防之道。

Intimate relationship violence is not only a complex interpersonal problem, but also a highlight of the socio-cultural problem of the traditional gender inequality. In Taiwan, the government is developing a considerably big amount of resources to prevent intimate relationship violence. The purpose is to stop the occurrence of violence and safeguard the victims. This article summarizes the related theories of intimate relationship violence, including the interpersonal and intrapersonal perspective, the psycho-social perspective, the socio-cultural perspective, and the integration theory perspective. The research integrates domestic and foreign-related theories of intimate relationship violence. It could be divided into intrapersonal perspective (Psychopathology and substance abuse theory), violence origins from the personality traits of the perpetrators who have mental, emotional and psychological disorders, as well as alcohol and drug abuse; psycho-social perspective (including social learning theory, the theory of cycled violence, ecological systems theory, frustration-aggression theory, social exchange theory, symbolic interactionism , and social situation / pressure and response theory) emphasizing the personal perspective to explain the cause of violence in an intimate relationship; The social perspective (including patriarchal theory, feminism, resource theory, conflict theory, violent cultural theory, family system theory and family structure factor theory), which is different from personal and family perspective, due to the fact that this theory usually points the central problem of intimate relationship violence at the perpetrators’ desire to control, and the effect and beliefs of the traditional patriarchy (men are superior to women). In order to integrate the points of the different theories, it is considered that intimate relationship violence and its reoccurrence is not only caused by a single factor but by a chain reaction. Intimate relationship violence is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by social, cultural, psychological, and interpersonal interaction variables. When discussing the characteristics of high-risk cases in which intimate relationship violence is repeatedly victimized, attention should be paid to the correlation of the external environment and intimate relationship. Only the cause of the violence is found can the violence be prevented.