魯曼政治系統理論之初探

A study on Niklas Luhmann's political system theory

魯曼的社會理論建立在其觀察理論之上。前者指出，現代社會是功能式分化社會，其內含數個功能系統，如政治、經濟、學術等。依此，魯曼政治系統理論可被定位為一種特別學術視角對政治系統之觀察結果。魯曼政治系統理論大致具有如下特質：首先，在理論建構上，它假定政治系統是自我再製系統，這基本上是不同於以神性的超驗或人性的先驗為假定之政治理論。其次，在政治光譜上，它乃是超然於保守的與進步的政治意識型態之外。第三，它不同於歐洲「市民社會」的「國家 / 社會」圖式，其區分公領域的國家政治生活乃對立於私領域的社會經濟家計。第四，它也不同於整體系統理論的「整體 / 部分」圖式，其認為社會與政治之間存有整體與部分的關係。第五，在政治民主的理解上，它提出民主就是「尖端的分裂」之另類說法。最後，在政治調控上，它對於政治系統調控社會的其它功能系統持悲觀看法。

Niklas Luhmann’s society system theory is based on his observation theory. The former states that the modern society is a functional-differential society, it includes several functional systems, and some of them are the political, economical and scientific systems. In the course of this, the position of his political system theory is supposed to be an observation result, which is a special scienfitic perspective on the political system. Luhmann’s political system theory has several characters as followed: First, it assumes political system is an autopoietic system, which is different from the assumption of the transcendent and transcendental political theories. Second, it is beyond the conservative and progressive position of political ideology. Third, it is different from the European ‘civil society’with “state / society” schema. Fourth, it is different from the holism system theory with “whole / part” schema. Fifth, it defines democracy is ‘the split of the peak’, which is totally different from the popular definition: democracy means governed by people. Finally, it expresses a pessimistic viewpoint on political steering.