日本國立大學法人化的實施與成效：以東京大學為例   免費試閱

The Implementations and Effects of National University Incorporation in Japan: A Case Study of the University of Tokyo

2004年日本的國立大學法人化後至今（2014年）已10年，其中，東京大學法人化前後的動向始終受到矚目，原因在於它的歷史、規模及國際競爭力都相當具有代表性。本研究藉由文獻分析法，探討東京大學在法人化過程的變革，並以第一週期國立大學法人評鑑期間（2004～2009年）的績效來檢視法人化後的成效。研究結果包括：一、「國立大學法人化」的相關構想在各年代都曾被日本教育當局提出，直到2004年才得以實現。實現的契機除精簡中央部會，刪減公務員人數等外部因素外，文部科學省與東京大學等代表性大學的立場由「反對」轉為「贊成」也是主因。二、法人化前，東京大學的內部立場不一，但在政府的「遠山計畫」與「東京五大學策略聯盟」外在壓力下，召開「UT21會議」，也公布《東京大學憲章》，做為法人化改革的依據。三、東京大學第一週期法人評鑑結果項目大都僅為「良好」，表現不能說是出色。2005～2009年度的政府補助金增減不大，但對其依存度較其他大學低，而人事費占支出的比率也有遞減的趨勢，顯示經營上獲得一定效果。四、法人化後的研究教學品質績效確有提升，但在《泰晤士報》的世界大學排名中卻有後退的現象，說明該校在法人化後雖努力提升學術產出水準，但同時要維持其世界排名的優越性並不容易。

Since 2004, all national universities in Japan have been transformed into “national university corporations”. Due to its long history, large scale and international competitiveness, the University of Tokyo has been regarded as a representative university before and after this important reform. Through document analysis, this paper discussed its internal and external situation of national university incorporation, and examined its effects during the first cycle of national university corporation evaluation (2004~2009). Four conclusions could be drawn from the study. 1. Since WWII, the Japanese government has been trying to conduct national university incorporation. Due to the policy of reducing the number of civil servants, the education authority and representative universities, such as the University of Tokyo, shifted their positions and led all the national universities to get incorporated in 2004. 2. Some external reasons, such as “Toyama Project” and “Five-University Alliance in Tokyo”, forced the University of Tokyo to face the reality and launch “UT21 Conference” and “The Charter of Todai” in order to prepare itself for university incorporation. 3. In the first cycle of university corporation evaluation, the University of Tokyo had only two items assessed as “excellent”; however, its dependence on government subsidy and its personnel fee were reduced more than the other universities’, indicating the increased effectiveness of its management. 4. Although the University of Tokyo has made a good progress in research and teaching since national university incorporation, it regressed in “Times Higher Education Supplement Ranking” in 2009 and 2010. This study concluded that it is not easy for a university to maintain a high position in world-wide university rankings after university incorporation.