怨恨的产生及其消解的教育之道

The Emergence of Resentment and the Educational Approach to Its Elimination

怨恨是一种常见的人类心理情态，其产生的情境是多种多样的，但形成这一心理情态的基本要素是共同的。受伤害是怨恨形成的起点，没有受伤害的情感体验就不可能形成怨恨；外向归因或者说向外界而不是向自身寻求受伤害的根源是怨恨形成的中介因素；由无能体验引发的隐忍是怨恨形成的推动因素；敌意的不断集聚和蔓延则预示着怨恨的形成。无论是个人怨恨还是社会怨恨，其产生的原因一方面在于怨恨主体在价值比较中的“俗人”特质，另一方面在于怨恨主体所处的失衡社会结构。怨恨爆发的典型表现形式是暴力和“想象的暴力”。怨恨不仅是怨恨者“心灵的自我毒害”，怨恨积聚还是当下社会群体性事件频发和社会不稳定的重要因素。从教育角度而言培养人们的理性精神、宽容精神、健康人格以及同情心是保持个体心灵健康和社会和谐的根本之道。

Resentment is a kind of psychological modality. The situations in which resentment could be born are diverse but share some basic elements. Firstly, resentment starts from being hurt. In other word, it couldn't be born without the experience of being hurt. Secondly, the external attribution, which means always seeking the root of being hurt from the outside world rather than from the internal world, is the mediating factor for resentment's formation. Thirdly, the enduring psychological emotion caused by the feeling of being incapable is the motivating factor for resentment's formation. And finally, with the gathering and extending of hostility, the resentment is born. The reasons for the formation of resentment, no matter individual resentment or social resentment, lie in the personal characteristic of philistine on the one hand, and the unbalanced social structure on the other hand. The typical expressive forms of resentment are violence and imaginative violence. Resentment is not only the personal self-poisoning, but also the root of mass disturbance and social instability in the current society. Fostering the rational spirit, tolerant spirit, healthy personality and sympathy through education is the basic approach to personal psychological well-being and social harmony.