论民主在学校教育中的作用与局限

The Role and Limitation of Democracy in School Education

民主是推动教育现代化的必要而根本的元素。民主理念含义丰富、分歧众多，其主要共识为：民主是 目的与手段的合一、精英民主与多元民主的有机融合、程序民主与实质民主的相互协调。借鉴阿玛蒂亚•森的概 念，民主对于学校教育的贡献被分为两个部分，其一是建构性的，民主理念对现代学校教育的根本性影响体现在阶 级的教育被改造为大众的教育；其二是工具性的，民主改变学校中权力、信息、知识供给等系列的要素配置方式，使 得学校决策更为合理、资源分配更有效率。民主运用于学校的局限性主要表现在：民主自身存在选票逻辑和街头 逻辑等不稳定因素；民主固有的平等主义与学校能力本位的精英主义存在冲突、大众权威与教师专业主义存在冲 突；民主程序运用于未成年人的受限性。学校教育应避免民主程序的滥用。

Democracy is a necessary and essential element in promoting education modernization. The concept of democracy is rich in meaning and hasmany variations. Themain consensus is that democracy is the unity of purpose and means， the organic integration of elitism and pluralism， and the harmonization between procedural and substantive democracies. Drawing on the concept of Amartya Sen， the contribution of democracy to school education s divided into two parts： the constructive influence of democratic ideas on modern school education， which s reflected in the transformation of classified education into the public education； and the instrumental inlluence of democracy on the allocation of elements in schools such as power， information and knowledge supply， which makes school decisions more rational and resource allocation more efficient. The Hmitations of the application of democracy in schools are mainly manifested in the following aspects： the instability such as balloting logic and street logic in democracy rtself； the conllict between the inherent egalitarianism of democracy and the school elitism of merit-based standard； thecon-llict between public authority and teacher professionalism； and the Hmited application of democratic procedure to minors. School education should avoid abuse of democratic procedures.