美国大学生学习影响力模型述评

A Review of College Impact Models in the United States

美国的大学生学习影响力模型着重分析大学特征和学生在校经历对学生变化的影响，关注大学怎样促进学生发展，探寻引起学生变化的因素与根源，解释学生发展的外在动因。有代表性的大学生学习影响力模型主要有四个：奥斯汀的输入-环境-产出模型；帕斯卡雷拉的大学生变化通用评估模型；汀托的大学生退学理论；韦德曼的本科生社会化模型。各家理论的基本观点是相近的，但是在核心问题的研究深度上是渐次加深的。

College impact model is one perspective of college learning theories in the field of American higher education. There are four representative theories which include Astin's I-E-O Model， Pascarella's General Model for Assessing Change， Tinto's Theory of Student Departure and Weidman's Model of Undergraduate Socialization. These theories focus on the impact of college traits and student experiences on student changes， and how colleges facilitate students' development， explore the influencing factors and root of student changes， and explain the external impulses of student development. The big ideas of the four models are similar， while the study on the core issue develops in depth sequencely.