美国新保守主义对学术自由判例的影响———以尤诺夫斯基案为例

The Effect of Neoconservatism on Academic Freedom in the USA: Based on the Urofsky Case

２０世纪９０年代之后，受新保守主义政治力量的影响，美国的一些州政府通过立法以强化保守的社会道德。弗吉尼亚州在１９９６年颁布的一项法案限制了公立大学和学院的教师在研究与教学中使用和展示与性相关的材料的权利，引起一些教授不满，诉诸公堂。此案经过初审法院和巡回上诉法院的审理，法庭内外争议的焦点指向大学教师的学术自由是否是受宪法第一修正案保护的一项特权，大学组织的自由是否优先于大学教师个体的自由等核心问题。新保守主义主张回归传统道德观和价值观，与崇尚无私探究和公共价值的学术自由传统观念产生冲突，这需要在制定公共政策或者修订法律时予以考虑。

Since the 1990s，some American state governments have passed legislation to strengthen the conservative social morality， as a result of neoconservative political forces. In 1996，the General Assembly of Virginia enacted a law that forbade state employees from using or displaying sexually ex- plicit content on public computers or the Internet. Professors at various public colleges and universities in Virginia filed suit against the act. In the trial of the district court and the circuit court of appeals，the disputes focused on whether faculty’s academic freedom is a privilege protected by the First Amendment and whether individual freedom is secondary to institutional freedom. The Neoconservatism advocates a return to traditional morality and values. It conflicts with traditional academic freedom concepts of selflessness and public values. The contradictions need to be considered when public policies and state laws are made.