國恥癡情兩淒絕：林譯小說《不如歸》的國難論述與情感想像

Discourse on Affection and National Crisis in Lin Shu's Translation of Nami-ko

《不如歸》是日本作家德富蘆花（1868－1927）的成名作，也是明治時期最暢銷的通俗小說，出版後隨即被譯為各國語言，風行全世界。《不如歸》的首次中譯是由近代著名翻譯家林紓（1852－1924）和魏易（1880－1932）合作，以鹽谷榮的英譯為底本重譯，於1908 年出版後即引起熱潮，其後一個多世紀陸續出現各種中譯本，足見此書廣受大眾歡迎，歷久不衰。夫妻情愛與家國意識是《不如歸》的兩大主題，書中描寫一個家庭的悲劇，並夾敘甲午海戰的場景，對於傳統家庭對夫妻情愛的壓迫提出血淚控訴，並以家國大愛作為情場失意者最後的寄託，其內容不僅跟漢樂府〈孔雀東南飛〉屬於同類故事的主題變奏，在人物心理刻畫方面也顯示出托爾斯泰小說的影響。《不如歸》對清末讀者的吸引力，主要在於其感人的情境氛圍，以及對親子、婆媳問題之揭露，但林紓卻迴避這個詮釋角度，轉而注意此書對甲午海戰的寫實敘述及其標誌國恥的教育意義，他藉著大量的譯註批評清軍的戰略缺失，並為閩人水師雪冤。此外，林譯《不如歸》特殊的情感想像方式更影響了民初「言情╱愛國小說」的出現， 並催生了一種「以殉國為殉情」的新式英雄人物。《不如歸》的作者、譯者、讀者三方之間的複雜權力關係與互相規避拒斥，使得它成為清末翻譯文學史上的重要案例。

Nami-ko (1898-1899) by the Japanese writer Tokutomi Roka (1868-1927)was extremely popular during Meiji Japan and was translated into numerouslanguages. The first Chinese translation of this sentimental melodrama was renderedin 1908 by Lin Shu (1852-1924) and his interpreter Wei Yi (1880-1932),and this Chinese version was an immediate success in the literary market.The major theme of Nami-ko is the conflict between conjugal affection and thefeudal family. Although Tokutomi condemns the feudal family which destroysthe romantic love between husband and wife, he takes the motherland to be therefuge of heartbroken lovers. This peculiar way of combining sentimental andpatriotic elements created a new type of romantic hero and influenced manyfuture “sentimental/patriotic” novels in modern China. The foremost attractionof Nami-ko to late Qing readers was its depiction of conjugal love and problemsbetween mother-in-law and daughter-in-law; however, Lin purposely ignoredthis side of the story, for the reason that he chose to translate this novel basedon his patriotic feelings. In Nami-ko, Tokutomi describes the Sino-Japanese War(1894) in detail, thus providing Lin with a wonderful opportunity to commenton the fiasco of the Qing navy and clear his Fujian soldiers' reputation. Interestingly,Lin argued that this melodrama, though written by a Japanese writer, couldhelp prove the Chinese soldiers' bravery. Taking full advantage of his translatorstatus, Lin promoted his ideas of military tactics and criticized the problems ofthe Qing government in his commentary in the translation. The complex interactionand contradiction between author intention, translator strategy, and readerresponse have made Lin Shu's translation of Nami-ko an intriguing and illuminatingcase for the study of late Qing literary translation history.