绩效技术的结果导向观:考夫曼的理论与实践

The Outcome-oriented View of the Human Performance Technology: The Theory and Practice of Roger Kaufman

美国知名绩效技术专家罗杰·考夫曼(Roger Kaufman)强调绩效技术研究和实践中组织对社会的责任，并强调对目的和手段的区分。本研究即对考夫曼的理论和实践进行内容分析，以考夫曼的“组织要素模型”为核心，从“需求评估”、“战略规划”和“评价”三个维度对考夫曼的理论进行了系统分析和阐释，并在每个维度的分析中都运用了“成果-输出-产品-过程-输入”五要素的基本分析框架。考夫曼提出的“大系统规划”是一个主动适应的理念，其出发点首先是社会的需要。本研究在此基础上概括了考夫曼理论的三位一体结构，又从实践操作层面对其需求数据的使用模型和战略规划的过程模型进行阐释和分析，这两个模型在实践中贯彻了其主动规划的理念。最后，本研究从绩效技术整体视野审视了考夫曼理论的价值以及相应的启示。

This study made a content analysis on the literature of Roger Kaufman， and categorized on the theme and sub-theme. Dr. Kaufman is a past president for ISPI， and is a Thomas Gilbert Award winner. He has published 41 books and over 280 articles on strategic planning， performance improvement， quality management and continual improvement， needs assessment， management， and evaluation. In his famous Organizational Elements Model (OEM)， Dr. Kaufman identified five basic elements， i. e. inputs， processes， products， outputs， and outcomes. The OEM is the main theoretical framework for his theory and practice. Dr. Kaufman insists that needs assessment is the formal process of identifying needs as gaps between current and desired results. His definition emphasizes that needs are gaps in results rather than gaps or deficiencies in processes or resources. He also made a distinction between needs assessment and quasi-needs assessment. This study made a comparison for his evolving ideas about needs assessment. Dr. Kaufman recommended the strategic planning model that could help us to contemplate societal outcomes in a proactive way. He identified three-level planning. From top-down viewpoint， the first level is mega planning， and focuses on results and their consequences for external clients and society. The second level is macro planning， and it focuses on the result that the organization can deliver out of itself. The third one is micro planning， and it narrows to the building block results that are produced within the organization. This three-level hierarchy consists of the Result Chain， and is closely linked with the concept of Ideal Visions. Evaluation is also a significant construct in his research. By combining with the Kirkpatrick framework to the OEM， Dr. Kaufman offered a proactive thinking to moving evaluation from the end to an integral part of the whole performance improvement process. Kaufman's Evaluation framework concentrated on the organization's social responsibility and return on investment. In this study， needs assessment， strategic planning， and evaluation in Kaufman's research were systematically analyzed and interpreted. And， in each part， the framework of“Outcome-Output-Product-Process-Input” was used as the main structure， and the trinity structure of Kaufman theory was identified based on this framework. Finally， Kaufman's theory was examined and valued in the landscape of Human Performance Technology. The OEM provides a holistic model， which links what organizations apply， implement， produce， and deliver to the value added impact that all of these elements have on external clients and society. Kaufman's theory laid a solid foundation for other performance technologists， and gave a profound implication for those scholars in this field.