父母教養適配性對幼兒氣質修正與自我概念的影響

Relating goodness-of-fit in parenting to temperamental change and self-concept in young children

本研究以中部51位兒童（平均年齡5.42歲）為對象，以問卷進行為期一年的追蹤調查。問卷內容包括自父母親填寫之「兒童氣質量表」和「父母教養態度量表上以及由研究人員對幼兒的訪談所填寫的「自我概念量表」。本研究的主要目的在於探討父母是否期待幼兒氣質的改變、實際和期待中氣質的落差是否影響幼兒的自我概念書以及幼兒在一年前後，各氣質向度（包括活動量、適應度、趨進性、反應強度、注意力分散度、堅持度）的表現是否穩定，與教養適配性對各氣質向度之修正情形和兒童自我概念的影響。研究結果顯示，（1）父母對其子女各氣質向度的實際和期待表現間的落差均呈顯著差異，其中母親對反應強度和注意力分散度的期待落差對幼兒的整體自我概意有負向的影響，（2）整體而言，幼兒的反應強度在一年前後有顯著下降的趨勢，而其他氣質向度的改變則不顯著，（3）父親和母親的教養適配性呈顯著相關，表示父母親在適配性方面的教養態度頗為一致，（4）父母教養適配性與兒童氣質修正的相關性不高，但是父親和母親在活動量、注意力分散度和堅持度等三個被稱為「工作導向特質」的向度之教養遭配性與兒童學業自我概念均呈顯著正相關。「工作導向特質」，關係著學童在校的學習行為和學業成就，父親在「工作導向特質」方面教養適配性對幼兒學業自我概念的影響程度與母親相近。我們建議（1）親職教育應兼顧父親和母親的角色，同時重視父母教養適配性的提昇，以利兒童正向自我概念之建立，（2）實際和期待中氣質表現的落差影響幼兒的自我概念，宣鼓勵家長欣賞孩子的氣質並因材施教。

The sample of 51 children (average age = 5.42) and their parents participated in this　study. Both fathers and mothers filled out questionnaires measuring goodness-of-fit in parenting and temperament of their children in the first and second years. Also, children's self-concept was assessed in the second year. The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability of the temperament and the relation between goodness-of-fit in parenting and temperamental change as well as self-concept in children. The results showed that there were no significant changes in all aspects of temperament, except for intensity of reaction. The goodness-of-fit in parenting in both parents were not related to temperamental change. However, for both fathers and mothers, the goodness-of-fit in parenting in the task-orientation characterstics (i.e., activity level, distractibility, and persistence were related to academic self-concept in children. Researchers suggest that the importance of goodness-of -fit in parenting of both fathers and mothers should be stressed in future parent education, especially their role in establishing positive self-concept in children.