南非中等教育的發展與挑戰

The Development and Challenges ofSecondary Education in South Africa

南非在結束種族隔離政策以後，國際影響力日增，明年並要主辦世界盃足球賽，已成矚目焦點。本文主要目的在探討南非之中等教育發展現況、特色與挑戰，以擴展我們的國際教育視野。本文以文獻分析法說明南非之學制與教育行政體系，再申論南非中等教育的法令依據、學校課程、設備規範、學校董事會，及其優缺點等。南非的義務教育共九年，分基礎、初級與高級三個階段，屬於一般與基礎教育階段；南非中小學主要有識字/語言、算數/數學、生命導向、自然科學、社會科學、科技、經濟/管理、藝術/歷史等八大學科領域，中學的設備標準並有詳細的規範；高中則屬於繼續與培訓階段。學校行政運作上師法英國，採行學校董事會制。本文發現，南非種族與語言複雜，加上地方政府與人民財富不均，中學發展也各校不一，而且愛滋病問題嚴重，也造成中學教育的一大挑戰。

The main purpose of this article is to explore the development of secondary education in South Africa in order to expand our international perspectives on education. Using the method of document analysis， this article describes the school systems and administrative systems of education， and explains the relevant educational laws， national curriculum， educational space and facilities， and advantages or disadvantages of secondary education in South Africa. There are two phases of secondary education in South Africa， which includes the general education (GET phase) and the high school (FET school phase). South Africa has a 9-year compulsory education. Senior high school falls under the category of further education and training. The national curriculum is divided into eight learning areas， including Literacy/Language， Numeric/Mathematics， Life Orientation， Nature Sciences， Social Sciences， Technology， Economics/Management， and Arts/History. The space and facilities of schools have specific norms. The school governing body is a decentralized system which supervises and manages the schools. Due to multiple races and languages， financial inequity， and HIV problems， secondary education in South Africa faces quite a lot of tough challenges.