美国特殊教育教师任职标准的演变和特点分析

The Evolution and Characteristics of the Occupational Standards for U.S. Special Education Teachers

美国特殊儿童委员会于1995年制定的《每个特殊教育工作者必须知道什么：道德、标准和指南》是美国最权威、最具影响力的特殊教育教师任职资格标准。目前该《标准》已有六个版本，其中第五版、第六版修订幅度较大。本文采用文本分析法，对第一、第五和第六版《标准》的结构和内容进行纵向比较，分析美国对特殊教育教师专业化要求的特点与走向，指出：制定标准是引领教师专业化发展的必然举措，要借鉴对特殊教育教师分级要求的制度设计，全面认识特殊教育教师的多样化结构，动态调整特殊教育教师的专业标准。

The Council for Exceptional Children （CEC）worked out What Every Special Educator Must Know：Ethics，Standards and Guidelines in 1995 and it is the most authoritative and most influential occupational qualifications for U.S. special education teachers. At present，this standard already has six versions and the fifth version and sixth version had changed most. We compared three versions standards in terms of their structure and contents through text analysis. Based on the analysis of the changes there are some enlightenment for us，such as to accelerating the development of occupational standards，to develop different qualifications for different levels of special educators，to grasp the structural diversity of special education teachers and to put emphasis on the updates of the qualifications and so on.