美国公立研究型大学财政危机及其应对策略研究———加州大学的经验与启示

The Financial Crisis of American Public Research Universities and Their Coping Strategies: A Case Study on the University of California

对财政优先权的激烈争夺、高等教育系统内部经费分配比例的变化，以及入学率与教育经费之间的相互影响等因素在美国经济危机的背景下被激化，导致了加州大学财政危机的发生。面对严峻的经济形势，加州大学和州政府各自采取了一系列应对策略。相关策略主要包括：提高学费；扩大国际学生的招收比例；筹集私人捐赠；削减开支；实施新的内部经费分配改革方案；启动“多年稳定基金计划”。从加州大学和州政府在财政危机发生前后的作为可以看出，建立多元化的收入来源渠道与优化学校日常运作机制有助于增强大学应对财政危机的能力，而政府相对宽松自由的大学治理框架是学术与市场平衡的重要保障。

In the context of a nation-wide economic crisis in the United States， three factors have triggered the financial crisis at the University of California， i.e. the fierce competition for fiscal priorities， the change in proportion of fund allocation within higher education system， as well as the complex interaction between enrollment and educational funds. Facing tough economic times， the University of California and California State government have adopted a series of coping strategies， including increasing tuition fees， expanding the proportion of international students， raising private donations， cutting expenditure， implementing the new internal fund allocation reform and the Multiyear Stable Funding Plan， etc. The case of the University of California reveals that the diversification of revenue sources and the improvement of university's internal governance system have enhanced the university's ability to overcome financial crisis. Moreover， the relatively liberal governance framework of the state government has ensured the balance between academia and market.