在夹缝中演绎的德国高校治理

Higher Education Governance in Germany ： Caught between University Autonomy and Academic Freedom

在欧洲一体化进程与德国联邦制改革的交互作用下，高校自治在德国应运而生。以去行政化、自主性与竞争为表征的高校自治实际上助推了高校领导转向高校治理。本文以北威州颁布并实施《高校自治法》以及国立法兰克福大学向基金会大学的转制为例，梳理德国高校治理模式新进展。在高校领导层新设的高校委员会无疑是这场制度变革的枢纽，却也汇聚质疑甚或批评。问题实质在于，高校作为学术共同体，其自治的特殊性以学术自由来彰显。高校自治难免压制基层自由且颠覆学术自由。笔者认为，在高校自治与学术自由之间，高校治理总是难以左右逢源。“学术自由、科研自由、教学自由”是一根绝不可触犯的制度性底线，即便高校治理在高校自治与学术自由之间畏首畏尾地演绎。

Higher education autonomy has emerged in Germany through the interplay between European integration process and German federalism reform. In fact， higher education autonomy characterized by deregulation， independence and competition promotes the transformation from higher education leadership into higher education governance. This paper takes examples of the promulgation and enforcement of North Rhine -Westphalians Higher Education Freedom Law， as well as the transformation of the state University of Frankfurt into Foundation University， to analyze the recent development of autonomous modes of German higher education institutions. The newly installed university board at the level of university leadership is undoubtedly the hinge of this institutional reform， but also triggers concerns or even criticisms. The essence of the dispute is that university autonomy is particularity featured by academic freedom and can also suppress basic democracy or even overturn academic freedom. The author believes that higher education governance can hardly strike a balance between university autonomy and academic freedom. The principle of ＂Freedom of Academy， Freedom of Research， and Freedom of Teaching & Study＂ is an institutional bottom line that should never be broken， even if higher education governance is overcautiously deducing between university autonomy and academic freedom.