美国精英高校本科生招生制度探析

Undergraduate Recruitment in American Elite Colleges and Universities

美国精英高校的招生制度十分复杂，与我国招生制度差异甚大。从招生标准上看，非常多元而且有层次之分，从录取方式上看有提前录取与常规录取。提前录取既受到精英高校的青睐，也受到学者的批评。精英高校招生行为受其价值取向的指导，通过多样化的招生评价标准和二元化的录取方式选拔具有学术潜质、领导能力、挑战精神并充分利用资源的申请人，为社会培养精英。美国精英高校的招生是多方主体博弈的过程，在各方激烈的竞争中，有些问题开始出现，例如:教育不公平、招生标准的负面导向作用。这些都促使美国精英高校不断尝试改进招生制度。

American elite colleges and universities have complex recruitment systems which are very different from that in China. The diverse admissions criteria are mainly divided into three groups according to levels and functions. Elite institutions prefer early admission，but it is criticized due to the problems it causes. The value orientations of the elite colleges and universities guide their admissions. With the diversified admissions criteria and the early admission，American elite higher institutions select candidates who possess academic potential，leadership and the spirit of challenge and who can make the most of resources. Elite institutions prepare their students for elite positions. The admission is a game played by multiple participants. The competition among the parties gives rise to some problems， such as negative effects of admissions criteria，inequity，and invalid prediction. These drawbacks have prompted American elite institutions constantly to improve their recruitment systems.