对美国研究生入学考试(GRE)的历史研究

Historical Study on the Graduate Record Examination in America

美国研究生入学考试(GRE)在美国研究生教育中具有典型特征。它发端于实用主义思潮，20世纪初的效率运动与测量运动对GRE考试的出现产生了极为重要的影响，并经历了技术主义初创期、人本化尝试期和多元化转型期三个历史时期。从其典型特征上看，GRE考试作为一种标准化的客观测验，注重对推理能力、分析能力、批判性思维的能力以及沟通能力的考察，而这种能力的获得需要考生通过长时间的学习，并非考前突击所能完成，体现了研究生人学考试所要考察的核心要素。但尽管如此，它所考察的内容仅仅是影响研究生学习的一个部分而非全部，它应与其他材料共同作为录取决策的主要依据。

The Graduate Record Examination has the typical characteristics of American graduate education. It originated in Pragmatism，and was influenced deeply by the Social Efficiency Movement and the Measurement Movement It passed through three historical stages，namely early period of Technologism，Humanism Reform，and Multiculturalism Transformation. A standardized test， GRE focuses on measurings reasoning，analyzing， critical thinking，and communication abilities. These abilities can be acquired only through long-term efforts and are the core elements that a graduate entrance examination should assess. However， the GRE score is only one predictor of graduate performance， and for admissions decisions，it should be considered together with other factors，such as undergraduate GPA and recommendation letters.