迎接工业化的挑战:1870—1910年的美国手工训练运动

To Meet the Challenges Caused by Modern Industrialization ； The Manual Training Movement in the United States from the 1870s to the 1910s

19世纪末20世纪初，在美国各地先后兴起了旨在改革现行学校教育、推进手工训练、适应工业化需要的教育运动，史称“手工训练运动”。这场运动始于19世纪70年代末，经历了 19世纪80-90年代的蓬勃发展，20世纪初开始走向衰落。本文通过梳理手工训练运动的发展历程，分析运动兴起和衰落的原因，认为手工训练运动是美国教育对工业化挑战所做出的初步回应，其中蕴涵着从传统走向现代的艰难转变。手工训练运动尽管持续时间短暂，但为而后兴起的职业教育运动准备了条件，成为19世纪末、20世纪初美国一系列教育改革运动的先导。

An education movement aimed to reform the existing school education， to promote manual training in school，and to adapt American education to the industrial development arose in many places of the United States during the late 19th century and the early 20th century， known as the Manual Training Movement m the American educational history This movement started in the late 1870s， grew rapidly in the 1880s and the 1890s，and declined m the early 20th century. By exploring the devel-oping history of the Manual Training Movement as well as analyzing the causes of its rise and fall，this paper reaches the conclusion that the Manual Training Movement can be regarded as the preliminary response made by the American education to challenges brought about by modern industrialization， which implied a tough transformation from the traditional to the modern educational system. Although the Manual Training Movement lasted only for a short time，it created preparations for the later rise of the Vocational Education Movement，and proved to be the precursor of a series of educational movements in the United States in the late 19th century and the early 20th century.