清末中小学堂“读经讲经”课程设置与启示

The Curriculum Setting of“Reading and Instructing Classics”in Primary and Secondary Schools in Late Qing Dynasty and the Implications

清末颁布的《奏定学堂章程》，将《孝经》和《四书》《五经》等儒家经典列入中小学堂"读经讲经"科目，体现出时人对儒家经典价值的认同和自觉传承。细读该章程文本不难发现，中小学堂"读经讲经"课程实施中，注重"博""约"相济，避免"泛滥无实"；系统设置，少读浅解，循序而渐进；善于诱导，晓之以义，慎之以罚；区分天资秉性而因材施教，明确反对"强责背诵"；兼顾"中学"和"西学"，实现"无一荒经之人"；将修身诸科目与"读经讲经"相融通，发挥育人的综合效能。这对当代切实重视经典价值的传承，优化经典教育内容的设置，破解经典教育面临的难题，增强经典教育的可行性和实效性，都会有所启示。

In The Memorial School Regulations issued by the late Qing government,Confucian classics like Filial Piety,the Four Books,and Five Classics were listed as the subjects of"Reading and Instructing Classics"in primary and secondary schools.This reflects People’s recognition and conscious inheriting of the value of the Confucian classics at that age.When read the regulations carefully,it is not difficult to find that during the implementation of the curriculum of"Reading and Instructing Classics",great attention was paid to balancing generalization and simplicity to avoid plenty of folderol;curriculum was set systematically with small amount of reading and brief explanation to facilitate gradual improvement;guidance,convincing and careful penalty were advocated;teaching students in accordance with their aptitude was embraced,while learning by rote was opposed;consideration was given to both Chinese traditional learning and Western learning in order to make nobody neglect classics;and the self-cultivation subjectsand"Reading and Instructing Classics"were integrated to perform the comprehensive functions of fostering people.This has implications for attaching importance to the inheriting of classic values,optimizing the setting of classic educational content,solving the difficult problems faced by classic education and strengthening the feasibility and effectiveness of such education.