横看成岭侧成峰：乡村士人心中的清末教育变革图景——以《退想斋日记》和《朱峙三日记》为中心的考察

A Review of the Rural Scholars' Viewpoints of the Education Reform in Late Qing Dynasty on the Basis of Liu Dapeng's Diary and Zhu Zhisan's Diary

以废科举、兴学校为中心的清末教育变革给那些生活在旧教育体制之下士人带来巨大的冲击。不同的士人对这场变革有着不同的体验：一些士人认为这是一条富民强国的正确之路，他们以积极的态度投入其中；另外一些士人则认为教育变革搅乱了传统社会的思想和价值观，破坏了乡村社会的秩序，他们情绪低落、牢骚满腹，对新式教育极力攻击。士人们不同的体验和表现既与他们生活的区域等客观环境有关，也与他们的个人经历、心态密切相关。从某种意义上可以说，他们的教育体验是他们主观构建的结果。这种建构与乡村士人的个性、原有知识结构、遭受挫折的忍耐力等因素密切相关。清末教育大变革中士人心态的变化及其影响，不仅可以为中国教育早期现代化研究提供有益的视角，而且也应当成为中国教育早期现代化研究的一个重要组成部分。

The education reform in late Qing Dynasty, centering on abolishing the imperial examinations and establishing new style-schools, had shocked the scholars in the old education system. Those scholars held different views towards this reform. Some, who regarded it as the right way to make the country strong, were actively involved in the reform. Others, who held that the reform disturbed the thoughts and values of the traditional society and the orders of the rural society, became frustrated and grumpy and attacked the new education fiercely. The scholars' different viewpoints and behaviors were closely related to the objective environment in which they live, and their personal experiences and mental attitudes. To some extent, their viewpoints towards education resulted from their subjective construction. This construction was closely related to their personalities, their original knowledge structures and their endurance of sufferings. The changes of those scholars' mental attitudes during the education reform and their effects could not only provide useful perspectives for research on early modernization of Chinese education, but also should be an important part of the research.