大学生人力资本的过度与不足——基于弥补型过度教育视角的实证分析

Human Capital Surplus and Scarcity of College Graduates: An Empirical Study from the Perspective of Compensatory Over-education

本研究利用2006年北京市企业调查的数据考察了受过高等教育者的过度教育状况，以期从用人单位角度审视大学生人力资本的过度与不足。本研究提出了基于人力资本理论和职业发展理论的分析框架，通过理论分析和实证研究发现过度教育群体内部存在人力资本的巨大差异，他们发生过度教育的动因不同。本研究按照过度教育的动机将其分为"弥补型过度教育"和"非弥补型过度教育"(或"发展型过度教育")，并从专业人力资本匹配和人力资本质量的高低两个方面探讨了弥补型过度教育的短期和长期收入效应。结果表明长期来看，弥补型过度教育带来的收入损失要大于非弥补型的过度教育，而非弥补型过度教育虽然带来短期的收入损失，但是长期收入损失并不显著。

Using Beijing Companies Survey (2006) data, this paper analyzes factors and impacts of overeducated college graduates to explore whether there is a surplus or scarcity of their human capital. This study finds that there is heterogeneity within overeducated group and that the overeducated graduates have different motivations to accept positions requiring lower qualification. Over-education can be further separated into to compensatory over-education and non-compensatory over-education/ developing over-education. This paper reveals short term and long term income effect of compensatory overeducated graduates, who use surplus education years to supplement specialty mismatch and lower quality. The cbnclusion is that income penalties are both significant when overeducated graduates get their first job, but compensatory overeducated graduates suffer more than non-compensatory overeducated ones. The penalty for non-compensatory overeducated will become insignificant in a long term.