移植与疏离：清末新学堂建立过程中遭遇毁学风潮的分析

Transplantation and Alienation: An Analysis about the Agitation of School Destruction in the Process of Establishing New Schools during the Late Qing Dynasty

清末新政的推行意味着新教育制度在中国的全面移植，然而也引发了毁学暴力风潮。毁学风潮作为一种群体性的民变事件，固然多因经济利益受损而起，但作为舶来品的新学堂疏离于中国本土社会、难以获得中国基层社会民众的认可，却是一个非常重要的深层次原因。作为移植而来的教育制度，切断了与中国本土社会的关联，而只是作为“陌生的他者”存在于中国社会之中。从清末毁学事件可以看出，任何一种新教育制度的引入，需要契合中国的社会实际。新教育一方面应引导社会发展，另一方面亦不应离开社会的现实。否则，它不仅遭遇有声或无声的抵抗，而且也难以发挥其应有的功能。

In the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty, the new education system was transplanted comprehensively in China. However, it also led to the agitation of school destruction. This kind of violence was recognized as mass disturbance, which was usually triggered by the vested economic interests. But the new schools such established were not grounded in the Chinese local society. They were very difficult to gain recognition from the Chinese grass-roots populace. This was indeed an important profound reason behind the agitation of school destruction. As a transplant, the new education system hindered any association with the local Chinese community. It rather existed as a "stranger" in the Chinese society. The introduction of any kind of new education system needs to be consistent with the social reality of China. The new education should guide the development of the society. At the same time, it also should not leave the social reality. Otherwise, it would not only receive all kinds of resistance but also encounter difficulties in realizing its function.