从工资制度看日本的教师优遇政策

Viewing Preferential Treatments to Teachers from Salary System in Japan

本文从教师工资政策变迁、教师工资结构、教师工资水平和教师工资改革动向等几方面入手，探讨日本教师优遇政策在教师工资制度中的具体体现。本文认为：日本教师优遇政策反映在工资制度上，一方面使教师作为公务员获得稳定的工资保障，另一方面更使教师工资高于普通公务员，这一过程于20世纪70年代在《人才确保法》的明确昭示下完成；从工资结构上看，教师工资水平偏高主要源于基本工资的起点优势、基本工资的内涵优势和义务教育教师特别津贴全员发放等优势；从工资水平上看，教师工资既稳定地高于普通公务员，更高于民间企业职工的平均水平；目前财政压力导致教师减薪不可避免，但减中有增，工资改革具有综合性，其重要原因是优遇教师的基本理念难以轻易撼动。

As the civil servant systemwas rebuilt in Japan in the late 1940s, public school teachers began to enjoy the same salary system with other officials as public education personnel. Since 1974, according to Teaching Personnel Development Law, teachers' wage level was speedily graded up. Based on the analyses of the structure and the level of Japanese teachers' salary, this paper concludes that higher salary system reflects the preferential policy for school teachers. While Japanese government started to reduce teachers'salary on financial grounds in recent year, the level of teachers'salary is still higher than other officials. With the worries about the lack of excellent teachers, Japanese local governments will not change teacher salary policy radically in the near future.