问卷调查方法在教育研究领域的应用状况分析

Review on the Method of Questionnaire Survey in Educational Research

教育学的研究经常引起争议，一个重要原因就在于研究方法应用的规范性不足。一项规范的问卷调查研究，应该遵循如下过程并向读者交待相关信息：(1) 研究综述：针对调查主题进行文献综述，分析已有相关研究结论；(2)问卷设计：提出调查目的、调查维度、理论假设等，根据理论假设界定自变量和因变量，并进行问卷的试测和修正；(3)问卷施测：抽样方法的选择与样本描述，样本分布分析，问卷的信度、效度分析；(4)研究结果：数据的统计分析，模型检验或相关效应量的说明；(5)讨论与总结。本研究通过调查《教育研究》、《高等教育研究》、《北京大学教育评论》、《电化教育研究》近六年刊发的113 篇问卷调查研究论文，发现我国教育研究者在方法使用和结果呈现方面还存在较多失误，例如：问卷设计缺乏测量依据、缺少试测和修正，调查样本不具代表性，问卷的信度和效度不明，调查目的与统计分析方法不匹配，缺少统计结论效度的评价等。

Educational research is often controversial, and an important reason lies in the lack of normative research method. A well-designed survey needs to include:research summary,questionnaire design,measured questionnaire,result of research, and discussion & summary. From the perspective of research method, this paper describes 113 questionnaire survey research papers published in four important magazines of educational science in mainland of China from 2006 to 2011. The result shows that most researchers ignored the introduction of the methods they used and made many mistakes such as the lack of the theory basis to design a questionnaire, the lack of pretest and correction, offering untypical samples, ambiguous inreliability and validity, mismatch between purpose of survey and statistical analysis methods and the lack of evaluation for statistical conclusion validity, etc.